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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Date modified	Regarding
09-03-2026	Party
Toon meer van:Details Party United States of America modified Renunciation: 27-02-2026 Termination: 27-02-2027
20-10-2022	General information, Kingdom part, Party
Toon meer van:Details General information Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Kingdom part Netherlands (in Europe) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Party Afghanistan Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 19-09-2002 (R) Entry into force: 18-12-2002 Albania Ratification: 03-10-1994 (A) Entry into force: 01-01-1995 Algeria Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 09-06-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Andorra Ratification: 02-03-2011 (A) Entry into force: 31-05-2011 Angola Signature: 14-06-1992 Ratification: 17-05-2000 (R) Entry into force: 15-08-2000 Antigua and Barbuda Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 02-02-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Armenia Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 14-05-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Australia Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 30-12-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Austria Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 28-02-1994 (R) Entry into force: 29-05-1994 Azerbaijan Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 16-05-1995 (R) Entry into force: 14-08-1995 Bahamas Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 29-03-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-06-1994 Bahrain Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Bangladesh Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 15-04-1994 (R) Entry into force: 14-07-1994 Barbados Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 23-03-1994 (R) Entry into force: 21-06-1994 Belarus Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 11-05-2000 (R) Entry into force: 09-08-2000 Belgium Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 16-01-1996 (R) Entry into force: 15-04-1996 Belize Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 31-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 29-01-1995 Benin Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 30-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-09-1994 Bhutan Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 25-08-1995 (R) Entry into force: 23-11-1995 Bolivia Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 03-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 01-01-1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Ratification: 07-09-2000 (A) Entry into force: 06-12-2000 Botswana Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 27-01-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-04-1994 Brazil Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 28-02-1994 (R) Entry into force: 29-05-1994 Brunei Ratification: 07-08-2007 (A) Entry into force: 05-11-2007 Burkina Faso Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 02-09-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Burundi Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 06-01-1997 (R) Entry into force: 06-04-1997 Cabo Verde Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 29-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 27-06-1995 Cambodia Ratification: 18-12-1995 (A) Entry into force: 17-03-1996 Cameroon Signature: 14-06-1992 Ratification: 19-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 17-01-1995 Central African Republic Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 10-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 08-06-1995 Chad Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 05-09-1994 Chile Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 22-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 22-03-1995 Colombia Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 22-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 20-06-1995 Comoros Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 31-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 29-01-1995 Cook Islands Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 20-04-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Costa Rica Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 26-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 24-11-1994 Côte d'Ivoire Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 29-11-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-02-1995 Cyprus Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 15-10-1997 (R) Entry into force: 13-01-1998 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 05-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 05-03-1995 Democratic Republic of the Congo Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 09-01-1995 (R) Entry into force: 09-04-1995 Denmark Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 21-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Djibouti Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 27-08-1995 (R) Entry into force: 25-11-1995 Dominica Ratification: 21-06-1993 (A) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Dominican Republic Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-10-1998 (R) Entry into force: 05-01-1999 Ecuador Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 23-02-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Egypt Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 05-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 05-03-1995 El Salvador Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 04-12-1995 (R) Entry into force: 03-03-1996 Equatorial Guinea Ratification: 16-08-2000 (A) Entry into force: 14-11-2000 Eritrea Ratification: 24-04-1995 (A) Entry into force: 23-07-1995 Estonia Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 27-07-1994 (R) Entry into force: 25-10-1994 Eswatini Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-10-1996 (R) Entry into force: 05-01-1997 Ethiopia Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 05-04-1994 (R) Entry into force: 04-07-1994 Federated States of Micronesia Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 18-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Finland Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 03-05-1994 (R) Entry into force: 01-08-1994 France Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 25-03-1994 (R) Entry into force: 23-06-1994 Gabon Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 21-01-1998 (R) Entry into force: 21-04-1998 Gambia, The Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 10-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 08-09-1994 Georgia Ratification: 29-07-1994 (A) Entry into force: 27-10-1994 Germany Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 09-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Ghana Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 06-09-1995 (R) Entry into force: 05-12-1995 Greece Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 04-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 02-11-1994 Grenada Signature: 03-12-1992 Ratification: 11-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 09-11-1994 Guatemala Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 15-12-1995 (R) Entry into force: 14-03-1996 Guinea Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-05-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Guinea-Bissau Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 27-10-1995 (R) Entry into force: 25-01-1996 Guyana Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 29-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-11-1994 Haïti Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 25-09-1996 (R) Entry into force: 24-12-1996 Honduras Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 19-10-1995 (R) Entry into force: 17-01-1996 Iceland Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 16-06-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 India Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 01-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Indonesia Signature: 05-06-1992 Ratification: 23-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 21-11-1994 Iran Signature: 14-06-1992 Ratification: 18-07-1996 (R) Entry into force: 16-10-1996 Iraq Ratification: 28-07-2009 (A) Entry into force: 26-10-2009 Ireland Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 20-04-1994 (R) Entry into force: 19-07-1994 Italy Signature: 05-06-1992 Ratification: 15-04-1994 (R) Entry into force: 14-07-1994 Jamaica Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 06-01-1995 (R) Entry into force: 06-04-1995 Japan Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 28-05-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Jordan Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 12-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Kenya Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 30-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-11-1994 Kuwait Ratification: 28-12-1994 (A) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Kyrgyzstan Ratification: 25-05-2000 (A) Entry into force: 23-08-2000 Laos Ratification: 04-01-1995 (A) Entry into force: 04-04-1995 Latvia Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 23-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 21-06-1995 Lebanon Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 15-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 15-03-1995 Lesotho Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 07-02-1995 (R) Entry into force: 08-05-1995 Liberia Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 05-11-2002 (R) Entry into force: 03-02-2003 Libya Signature: 29-06-1992 Ratification: 14-06-1999 (R) Entry into force: 12-09-1999 Liechtenstein Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 22-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 20-09-1994 Lithuania Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 24-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 22-06-1995 Luxembourg Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 09-05-1994 (R) Entry into force: 07-08-1994 Madagascar Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 02-06-1999 (R) Entry into force: 31-08-1999 Malawi Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 21-04-1994 (R) Entry into force: 20-07-1994 Malaysia Signature: 09-06-1993 Ratification: 13-07-1994 (R) Entry into force: 11-10-1994 Maldives Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 09-11-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Mali Signature: 30-09-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Malta Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 17-03-1994 (R) Entry into force: 15-06-1994 Marshall Islands Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 08-10-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Mauritania Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 20-01-1994 (R) Entry into force: 20-04-1994 Mauritius Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 04-09-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Mexico Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 11-03-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Moldova Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 09-06-1995 (R) Entry into force: 07-09-1995 Mongolia Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 30-09-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Montenegro Ratification: 23-10-2006 (Su) Entry into force: 03-06-2006 Morocco Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1995 (R) Entry into force: 27-03-1996 Mozambique Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 25-08-1995 (R) Entry into force: 23-11-1995 Myanmar Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 25-11-1994 (R) Entry into force: 23-02-1995 Namibia Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 16-05-1995 (R) Entry into force: 14-08-1995 Nepal Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 02-05-1994 (R) Entry into force: 31-07-1994 New Zealand Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 16-09-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Tokelau Islands Entry into force: 13-11-2017 Nicaragua Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 31-10-1995 (R) Entry into force: 29-01-1996 Niger Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 25-07-1995 (R) Entry into force: 23-10-1995 Nigeria Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 29-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-11-1994 Niue Ratification: 28-02-1996 (A) Entry into force: 28-05-1996 North Macedonia Ratification: 28-01-1998 (A) Entry into force: 28-04-1998 Norway Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 09-07-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Oman Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 08-02-1995 (R) Entry into force: 09-05-1995 Pakistan Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 01-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 30-08-1994 Palau Ratification: 10-12-1999 (A) Entry into force: 09-03-2000 Panama Signature: 18-03-1993 Ratification: 23-05-1995 (R) Entry into force: 21-08-1995 Paraguay Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 24-02-1994 (R) Entry into force: 25-05-1994 Peru Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-06-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Philippines Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 02-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 31-10-1994 Poland Signature: 05-06-1992 Ratification: 28-07-1994 (R) Entry into force: 26-10-1994 Portugal Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 21-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Macao (<20-12-1999) Entry into force: 28-06-1999 Termination: 20-12-1999 Qatar Ratification: 18-04-1996 (A) Entry into force: 17-07-1996 Republic of Korea, the Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 14-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Republic of the Congo Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 14-10-1996 (R) Entry into force: 12-01-1997 Romania Signature: 05-06-1992 Ratification: 08-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 06-09-1994 Russian Federation Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Rwanda Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 18-08-1998 (R) Entry into force: 16-11-1998 Saint Kitts and Nevis Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 07-01-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Saint Lucia Signature: 14-06-1993 Ratification: 14-06-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Ratification: 02-12-1996 (A) Entry into force: 02-03-1997 Samoa Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 29-11-1994 (R) Entry into force: 27-02-1995 San Marino Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 28-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 26-01-1995 São Tomé e Principe Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 29-09-1999 (R) Entry into force: 28-12-1999 Saudi Arabia Ratification: 28-12-1994 (A) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Senegal Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 17-10-1994 (R) Entry into force: 15-01-1995 Serbia Ratification: 12-03-2001 (A) Entry into force: 10-06-2001 Seychelles Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 22-09-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Sierra Leone Signature: 11-02-1993 Ratification: 22-06-1995 (R) Entry into force: 20-09-1995 Singapore Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 29-05-1997 (R) Entry into force: 27-08-1997 Somalia Ratification: 11-09-2009 (A) Entry into force: 10-12-2009 South Africa Signature: 15-06-1993 Ratification: 29-08-1997 (R) Entry into force: 27-11-1997 South Sudan Ratification: 17-02-2014 (A) Entry into force: 18-05-2014 Spain Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 21-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Sri Lanka Signature: 10-06-1992 Ratification: 23-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Sudan Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 19-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Suriname Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 14-10-1997 (R) Entry into force: 12-01-1998 Sweden Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 23-06-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Switzerland Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 10-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Syria Ratification: 04-01-1996 (A) Entry into force: 03-04-1996 Tajikistan Ratification: 07-01-1998 (A) Entry into force: 07-04-1998 Tanzania Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 17-04-1996 (R) Entry into force: 16-07-1996 Thailand Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Timor-Leste Ratification: 10-10-2006 (A) Entry into force: 08-01-2007 Togo Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 08-03-1995 (R) Entry into force: 06-06-1995 Tonga Ratification: 20-07-1998 (A) Entry into force: 18-10-1998 Trinidad and Tobago Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 24-06-1994 (R) Entry into force: 22-09-1994 Tunisia Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 15-07-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Türkiye Ratification: 24-02-2004 (A) Entry into force: 24-05-2004 Turkmenistan Ratification: 05-06-1995 (A) Entry into force: 03-09-1995 Uganda Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 08-09-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Ukraine Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 13-05-1997 (R) Entry into force: 11-08-1997 United Arab Emirates Ratification: 29-12-1995 (A) Entry into force: 28-03-1996 United Kingdom Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 08-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Bermuda Entry into force: 07-03-2007Cayman Islands Entry into force: 07-03-2007Falkland Islands Entry into force: 07-03-2007Gibraltar Entry into force: 02-01-2007Guernsey Entry into force: 04-04-2006Jersey Entry into force: 21-03-1994Man, Isle of Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Uruguay Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 18-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 16-11-1994 Uzbekistan Ratification: 20-06-1993 (A) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Vanuatu Signature: 09-06-1992 Ratification: 25-03-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Venezuela Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Vietnam Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 16-11-1994 (R) Entry into force: 14-02-1995 Yemen Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 21-02-1996 (R) Entry into force: 21-05-1996 Zambia Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 28-05-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Zimbabwe Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 03-11-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Argentina Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 11-03-1994 (R) Entry into force: 09-06-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 27-03-2007 The Argentine Republic objects to the extension of the territorial application to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 with respect to the Malvinas Islands, which was notified by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Depositary of the Convention on 7 March 2007. The Argentine Republic reaffirms its sovereignty over the Malvinas Islands, the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands and the surrounding maritime spaces, which are an integral part of its national territory, and recalls that the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolutions 2065 (XX), 3160 (XXVIII), 31/49, 37/9, 38/12, 39/6, 40/21, 41/40, 42/19 and 43/25, which recognize the existence of a dispute over sovereignty and request the Governments of the Argentine Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to initiate negotiations with a view to finding the means to resolve peacefully and definitively the pending problems between both countries, including all aspects on the future of the Malvinas Islands, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Bulgaria Signature: 05-06-1992 Ratification: 12-05-1995 (R) Entry into force: 10-08-1995 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 12-05-1995 The Republic of Bulgaria declares that in accordance with article 4, paragraph 6, and with respect to paragraph 2 (b) of the said article, it accepts as a basis of the anthropogenic emissions in Bulgaria of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, the 1988 levels of the said emissions in the country and not their 1990 levels, keeping records of and comparing the emission rates during the subsequent years. Canada Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 04-12-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 19-01-2016 The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Secretary-General’s communication of 23 December 2015 C.N.699.2015.TREATIES-[XXVII.7], relating to that treaty. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes that this communication was made pursuant to the Secretary-General’s capacity as Depositary for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes the technical and administrative role of the Depositary, and that it is for States Parties to a treaty, not the Depositary, to make their own determination with respect to any legal issues raised by instruments circulated by a depositary. In that context, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations [reaffirms] that ‘Palestine’ does not meet the criteria of a state under international law and is not recognized by Canada as a state. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations wishes to note its position that in the context of the purported Palestinian accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, ‘Palestine’ is not able to accede to this convention, and that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change does not enter into force, or have an effect on Canada’s treaty relations, with respect to the ‘State of Palestine’. China Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 05-01-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No Hong Kong SAR Entry into force: 08-04-2003Macao SAR Entry into force: 20-12-1999 reservation 08-04-2003 In accordance with the provisions of Article 153 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China of 1990, the Government of the People’s Republic of China decides that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change shall apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change continues to be implemented in the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change shall not apply to the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China until the Government of China notifies otherwise. Croatia Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 08-04-1996 (R) Entry into force: 07-07-1996 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 08-04-1996 The Republic of Croatia declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of the Annex 1, as a country undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. Cuba Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 05-01-1994 (R) Entry into force: 05-04-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 05-01-1994 With reference to article 14 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Government of the Republic of Cuba declares that, insofar as concerns the Republic of Cuba, any dispute that may arise between the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention shall be settled through negotiation through the diplomatic channel. Czech Republic Signature: 18-06-1993 Ratification: 07-10-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 27-11-1995 In accordance with sub-paragraph g of article 4.2 of the Convention, the Government of the Czech Republic declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of sub-paragraphs a and b of said article. EU (European Union) Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 21-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 13-06-1992 The European Economic Community and its Member States declare, for the purposes of clarity, that the inclusion of the European Community as well as its Member States in the lists in the Annexes to the Convention is without prejudice to the division of competence and responsibilities between the Community and its Member States, which is to be declared in accordance with article 21 (3) of the Convention. reservation 21-12-1993 The European Economic Community and its Member States declare that the commitment to limit anthropogenic CO 2 emissions set out in article 4(2) of the Convention will be fulfilled in the Community as a whole through action by the Community and its Member States, within the respective com- petence of each. In this perspective, the Community and its Member States reaffirm the objectives set out in the Council conclusions of 29 October 1990, and in particular the objective of stabilization of CO 2 emission by 2000 and 1990 level in the Community as a whole. The European Economic Community and its Member States are elaborating a coherent strategy in order to attain this objective. Fiji Signature: 09-10-1992 Ratification: 25-02-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 09-10-1992 The Government of Fiji declares its understanding that signature of the Convention shall, in no way, constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning state responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provisions in the Convention can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law. Holy See Ratification: 06-07-2022 (A) Entry into force: 04-10-2022 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 06-07-2022 By acceding to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, the Holy See intends to contribute to the efforts of all States to work together in solidarity, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in an effective response to the challenges posed by climate change to humankind and to our common home. In light of the territorial nature of the obligations set forth in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Holy See declares, for the avoidance of doubt, that in acceding to the Convention only in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State it commits itself to apply its provisions exclusively within the Territory of the Vatican City State, as circumscribed by the Leonine Walls. The Holy See, in conformity with its particular mission, reiterates, on behalf of Vatican City State, its position regarding the term ‘gender’. The Holy See underlines that any reference to ‘gender’ and related terms in any document that has been or that will be adopted by the Conference of State Parties or by its subsidiary bodies is to be understood as grounded on the biological sexual identity that is male and female. The Holy See upholds and promotes a holistic and integrated approach that is firmly centered on the human dignity and integral development of every person. Hungary Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 24-02-1994 (R) Entry into force: 25-05-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 24-02-1994 The Government of the Republic of Hungary attributes great significance to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and it reiterates its position in accordance with the provisions of article 4.6 of the Convention on certain degree of flexibility that the average level of anthropogenic carbondioxide emissions for the period of 1985-1987 will be considered as reference level in context of the commitments under article 4.2 of the Convention. This understanding is closely related to the 'process of transition' as it is given in article 4.6 of the Convention. The Government of the Republic of Hungary declares that it will do all efforts to contribute to the objective of the Convention. Israel Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 04-06-1996 (R) Entry into force: 02-09-1996 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 19-01-2016 The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as depositary to the United Nations Convention Framework on Climate Change, and refers to the communication by the depositary, dated 23 December 2015, regarding the Palestinian request to accede to this Convention (Reference number C.N.699.2015.TREATIES-XXVII.7 (Depositary Notification)). ‘Palestine’ does not satisfy the criteria for statehood under international law and lacks the legal capacity to join the aforesaid Convention under general international law, as well as under the terms of the Convention and of bilateral Israeli-Palestinian agreements. The Government of Israel does not recognize ‘Palestine’ as a State, and wishes to place on record, for the sake of clarity, its position that it does not consider ‘Palestine’ a party to the Convention and regards the Palestinian request for accession as being without any legal validity or effect. Kazakhstan Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 17-05-1995 (R) Entry into force: 15-08-1995 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 23-03-2000 In accordance with sub-paragraph g of article 4.2 of the Convention, the Government of Kazakhstan declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of sub-paragraphs a and b of said article. Kiribati Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 07-02-1995 (R) Entry into force: 08-05-1995 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 13-06-1992 The Government of the Republic of Kiribati declares its understanding that signature and /or ratification of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning state responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provisions in the Convention can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law. Monaco Signature: 11-06-1992 Ratification: 20-11-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 20-11-1992 In accordance with sub-paragraph g of article 4.2 of the Convention, the Principality of Monaco declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of sub-paragraphs a and b of said article. Nauru Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 11-11-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 08-06-1992 The Government of Nauru declares its understanding that signature of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning state responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provisions in the Convention can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law. Netherlands, the Kingdom of the Signature: 04-06-1992 Ratification: 20-12-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 17-02-2010 The Kingdom of the Netherlands declares, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 14 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement. Palestine Ratification: 18-12-2015 (A) Entry into force: 17-03-2016 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 22-01-2016 The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.9.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7, dated 20 January 2016, conveying a communication of Israel regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dated 9 May 1992. The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Israel and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘nonmember observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which enters into force on 17 March 2016, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. reservation 22-01-2016 The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.11.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7, dated 20 January 2016, conveying a communication of Canada regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dated 9 May 1992. The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Canada and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘nonmember observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which enters into force on 17 March 2016, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. reservation 22-01-2016 The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.10.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7, dated 20 January 2016, conveying a communication of the United States of America regarding the accession of the State of Palestine to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dated 9 May 1992. The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of the United States of America and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community. As a State Party to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which enters into force on 17 March 2016, the State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties. Papua New Guinea Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 16-03-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 16-03-1993 The Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea declares its understanding that ratification of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under International Law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of Climate Change as derogating from the principles of general International Law. Slovakia Signature: 19-05-1993 Ratification: 25-08-1994 (R) Entry into force: 23-11-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 23-02-1996 In accordance with sub-paragraph g of article 4.2 of the Convention, the Government of Slovakia declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of sub-paragraphs a and b of said article. Slovenia Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 01-12-1995 (R) Entry into force: 29-02-1996 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 09-06-1998 In accordance with sub-paragraph g of article 4.2 of the Convention, the Government of Slovenia declares that it intends to be bound by the provisions of sub-paragraphs a and b of said article. Solomon Islands Signature: 13-06-1992 Ratification: 28-12-1994 (R) Entry into force: 28-03-1995 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 28-12-1994 In pursuance of article 14 (2) of the said Convention [the Government of the Solomon Islands] shall recognise as compulsory, arbitration, in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Conference of the Parties as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration. Tuvalu Signature: 08-06-1992 Ratification: 26-10-1993 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 08-06-1992 The Government of Tuvalu declares its understanding that signature of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning state responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provisions in the Convention can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law. United States of America Signature: 12-06-1992 Ratification: 15-10-1992 (R) Entry into force: 21-03-1994 Reservations / Declarations: Yes Objections: No reservation 19-01-2016 The United States Mission to the United Nations presents its compliments to the United Nations and refers to the U.N. Secretary-General's depositary notification C.N.699.2015.TREATIESXXVII.7, dated December 23, 2015, regarding the purported accession of the ‘State of Palestine’ to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, done at New York, May 9, 1992 (the Convention), for which the Secretary-General of the United Nations is the depositary. The Government of the United States of America does not believe the ‘State of Palestine’ qualifies as a sovereign State and does not recognize it as such. Accession to the Convention is limited to sovereign States and regional economic integration organizations. Therefore, the Government of the United States of America believes that the ‘State of Palestine’ is not qualified to accede to the Convention and affirms that it will not consider itself to be in a treaty relationship with the ‘State of Palestine’ under the Convention.

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